Rohit Yadav
1. Ray of Light: A line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light.
2. Beam of Light: A group of rays of light emitted by a source of light is called a beam of light. A light beam is of three types.
(i) Parallel beam: A group of light rays parallel to each other is known as a parallel beam of light. 7.
(ii) Divergent beam: A group of light rays spreading out from a source of light is called a divergent beam of light.
(iii) Convergent beam: A group of light rays meeting at a point is called convergent beam 8. of light.
3. Reflection of Light: There are some surfaces that have ability to send the light back in the same medium when light strikes it. This 9. phenomena of sending the light back in the same medium by a surface is called reflection of light.
(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection, ∠i = ∠r.
4. Image: When light rays meet or appear to meet after reflection from a mirror,then it is called an image.
1. Real Image: It is a kind of image that is formed by the actual intersection of light rays after reflection.
2. Virtual Image: It is a kind of image that is formed by producing the reflected rays backward after reflection.
5. Plane Mirror: The plane mirror is a piece of glass whose one side is polished by using silver paint, which is covered by a coating of red paint to protect the silver layer.
6. Spherical Mirrors: It is part of a hollow glass sphere whose one surface is polished.
There are two types of spherical mirrors.
(i) Concave Mirror: It is a spherical mirror whose outer surface is polished and whose inner or concave side is the reflecting surface.
(ii) Convex Mirror: It is a spherical mirror whose inner is polished and outer side or convex side is the reflecting surface.
Principal Focus :
A point on the principal axis of a spherical mirror where the rays of light parallel to the principal axis meet or appear to meet after reflection from the mirror.
Focal Length :
The distance between the pole (P) and principal focus(F) of a spherical mirror is called the focal length of the mirror. It is denoted by f.
Uses of Concave Mirror :
(i) It is used as a shaving mirror because when it is placed close to the face, it forms a large image.
(ii) It is used in solar heating devices like solar cookers because it converges the Sun’s rays over a small area to produce high temperatures.
(iii) It is used for security checking purposes.
10. Uses of Convex Mirror :
(i) It is used as a rear view mirror in automobiles because it gives an erect image as well as diminished due to which Pt has a wider field of view.
(ii) It is also used in street lights.
11. Mirror Formula :
It is a relation between the distance of object, the distance of image from the pole of the mirror and its focal length, i.e., the relation between ‘u’, ‘v, and It is given by
12. Magnification: It is defined as the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. It is denoted by the letter m.
13. Refraction of Light: The bending of a ray of light when it passes from one medium to another is called refraction of light.
Laws of Refraction :
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
(ii) When a ray of light undergoes refraction then the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.
14. The Refractive Index: The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium is given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 and the speed of light in medium 2. This is usually represented by the symbol n21. This can be expressed in an equation form as
15. Refraction by spherical lenses: A lens is a transparent medium that is formed by joining two pieces of spherical glass. There are two types of lenses.
(i) Convex Lens: It is a lens that is thicker at the center and thinner at the edges.
(ii) Concave Lens: It is a lens that is thinner at the center and thicker at the edges.
16. Terms related to a lens
Optical Centre of Lens: It is the center of the lens through which light can pass without any deviation.
Principal Axis: It is the line passing through the optical center and is perpendicular to the line joining its edges.
Principal Focus: It is a point on the principal axis where all light rays that are parallel to the principal axis either converge or appear to diverge, after refraction.
17. Lens formula :
18. Magnification : Magnification, m = h2/h1
The ratio of the height of the image to the height of object.
It is also given by v/u i.e., the Ratio of the distance of the image to the distance of the object.
19. Power of a lens: A beam of light parallel to the principal axis either gets converged or diverged after refraction by a lens. Some lenses converge the beam of light to a small extent and some lenses converge it to a large extent. This ability of a lens to converge or diverge a beam of light is known as the power of the lens.
Si unit of power of lens is dioptre: One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 m.
Power of a combination of two or more lenses :
If two or more lenses are placed together to form a combined lens then the power of this combined lens is equal to the sum of the powers of individual lenses.
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ……
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